📚 Knowledge Base — Laboratory Methods
⚗️ Physicochemistry
⚗️ Water pH Determination
Electrochemical determination of pH value in water and wastewater using a glass electrode. A fundamental water quality parameter.
🫧 BOD5 — Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Determination of oxygen consumed by microorganisms for decomposition of organic matter in water over 5 days. A key organic pollution indicat…
🔬 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Determination
Gravimetric determination of suspended solid particle concentration in water by vacuum filtration and drying. A fundamental wastewater quali…
🧪 COD — Chemical Oxygen Demand
Determination of chemical oxygen demand using sealed tubes (cuvettes) with potassium dichromate. A key parameter for assessing water and was…
⚡ Water Electrical Conductivity
Conductometric determination of electrical conductivity of water and wastewater. A rapid and reagent-free parameter indicating total water m…
💧 Water Turbidity (Turbidimetry)
Nephelometric determination of water turbidity using infrared scattered radiation at 90° angle. A fundamental drinking water quality paramet…
🫧 Dissolved Oxygen in Water
Electrochemical determination of dissolved oxygen concentration in water using membrane probe. A key parameter for assessing the ecological …
🔬 Ammonium Nitrogen in Water
Spectrophotometric determination of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺) in water by salicylate-hypochlorite method — indophenol reaction. A key water c…
🔬 Nitrates in Water
Spectrophotometric determination of nitrates (NO₃⁻) in water by sulfosalicylic acid method. A key parameter for agricultural-origin nitrate …
🔬 Nitrites in Water
Spectrophotometric determination of nitrites (NO₂⁻) in water by diazotization with sulfanilamide and NED. An indicator of incomplete nitrifi…
🔬 Phosphates / Total Phosphorus in Water
Spectrophotometric determination of orthophosphates and total phosphorus in water by ammonium molybdate and ascorbic acid method (molybdenum…
⚗️ Chlorides in Water
Titrimetric determination of chlorides in water by Mohr method — silver nitrate titration with potassium chromate indicator. Classical volum…
⚗️ Sulfates in Water
Gravimetric determination of sulfates (SO₄²⁻) in water by barium chloride precipitation method. Classical, reference gravimetric method with…
⚗️ Fluoride in water
Potentiometric determination of fluoride ion (F⁻) concentration in water using an ion-selective electrode (ISE). Reference method for drinki…
🔬 Total iron in water
Spectrophotometric determination of total iron in water using 1,10-phenanthroline method. Measurement of orange-red Fe²⁺ complex absorbance …
🔬 Manganese in water
Spectrophotometric determination of manganese in water using formaldoxime method. Measurement of orange Mn-formaldoxime complex absorbance a…
💧 Total water hardness
Complexometric determination of total water hardness (sum of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) by titration with EDTA against Eriochrome Black T at pH 10.
⚗️ Water alkalinity
Titrimetric determination of total and partial water alkalinity by titration with hydrochloric acid solution to pH 8.3 and 4.5. Key water bu…
🧪 TOC—Total Organic Carbon
Determination of total organic carbon (TOC) in water by catalytic combustion at 680°C or wet oxidation with CO₂ detection in NDIR detector.
🔬 Kjeldahl nitrogen
Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in water by mineralization with selenium, ammonia distillation, and titration. Sum of organic and a…
⚗️ Calcium and magnesium in water
Determination of calcium and magnesium in water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) at wavelengths 422.7 nm (Ca) and 285.2 nm (Mg…
🔥 Sodium and potassium in water
Determination of sodium and potassium in water by flame photometry (flame emission spectrometry). Measurement of Na emission at 589 nm and K…
⚗️ Oxidizability (permanganate index)
Determination of water permanganate index (oxidizability) by oxidation with KMnO₄ in acidic medium, with reverse titration with sodium oxala…
🔬 Heavy metals in water — AAS
Determination of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co) in water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Basic technique for trace me…
🔬 Metals in water — ICP-OES
Multi-element analysis of over 30 elements in water using ICP-OES with argon plasma at 6000–10000 K. Fast, simultaneous analysis.
☠️ Mercury in water
Determination of mercury in water by cold vapor method (CV-AAS) — chemical reduction of Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰ and absorption measurement in gas phase.…
☠️ Arsenic in water
Determination of arsenic in water by hydride generation technique (HG-AAS) — reduction of As to arsine (AsH₃) and atomic absorption measurem…
☠️ Cyanides in water
Determination of total and free cyanides in water after distillation — spectrophotometric method with pyridine and barbituric acid at 578 nm…
🧪 Phenolic index of water
Determination of total volatile phenols in water after distillation — color reaction with 4-aminoantipyrine in presence of potassium hexacya…
🧪 Anionic detergents in water (MBAS)
Determination of anionic surfactants in water as methylene blue active substances (MBAS). Extraction of ion pairs to chloroform, measurement…
🧪 PAH in water
Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by HPLC with fluorescence detection after liquid-liquid extraction. Sensitivit…
⛽ Petroleum hydrocarbons in water
Determination of mineral oil index (C₁₀–C₄₀) in water by solvent extraction, Florisil cleanup, and gas chromatography GC-FID.
💧 Free and total chlorine in water
Determination of free and total chlorine in water by DPD colorimetric method — color reaction with N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, measure…
🎨 Water Color
Determination of apparent and true color of water by visual and spectrophotometric methods on the platinum-cobalt scale (Pt-Co). Basic organ…
🌡️ Dry Residue / TDS
Determination of dry residue (TDS) by gravimetric method after drying the sample at 105°C to constant mass. Basic indicator of dissolved and…
☣️ Chromium VI in Water
Determination of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) by spectrophotometric method with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide. Critical toxicological determination — …
⚛️ Lead in Water — GF-AAS
Determination of trace concentrations of lead in water by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization in graphite furnace…
⚛️ Cadmium in Water — GF-AAS
Determination of trace concentrations of cadmium in water by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace (GF-AAS). Detection limit …
🔬 Copper in Water
Determination of copper in water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) at wavelength 324.8 nm. Fast and reliable method for mg/L le…
🔬 Nickel in Water
Determination of nickel in water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) at wavelength 232.0 nm. Reference method for mg/L level conc…
💎 Boron in Water
Determination of dissolved boron in water by spectrophotometric method with azomethine-H at 410 nm. Fast, sensitive and economical method fo…
🧪 Aluminium in Water
Determination of aluminium in water by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) — flame or graphite furnace. Control of aluminium coagulant resi…
🧬 THM / Trihalomethanes in Water
Determination of trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform) in water by gas chromatography with ECD…
🔬 Total Nitrogen in Water
Determination of total nitrogen in water after oxidative digestion with peroxodisulfates. Sum of organic nitrogen, ammonium, nitrite and nit…
👃 Odor and Taste of Water
Sensory determination of threshold odor number (TON) and threshold flavor number (TFN) of water using dilution method with panel assessment.…
🔬 UV Absorbance at 254 nm
Measurement of water absorbance at wavelength 254 nm as an indicator of organic matter content (aromatic and unsaturated compounds). Fast sp…
⚗️ Bromides and Bromates in Water
Determination of bromates (BrO₃⁻) and bromides (Br⁻) in drinking water by ion chromatography with conductometric detection. Bromates are a b…
🔬 Selenium in Water (ICP-OES)
Determination of selenium in drinking, surface, and wastewater by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Seleni…
🧪 Formaldehyde in Water
Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde in water by acetylacetone method (Hantzsch). Formaldehyde reacts with acetylacetone and amm…
🧪 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Water
Determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in drinking water and wastewater by purge-and-trap technique with GC-MS detection. The met…
⛽ BTEX in Water (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes)
Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in water by headspace analysis technique with GC-MS or GC-FID detection.…
📊 Ion Analysis in Water — Ion Chromatography (IC)
Simultaneous determination of anions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, F⁻, PO₄³⁻, Br⁻) and cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, Li⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺) in water by…
🌿 Chlorophyll a in Water
Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll a in surface waters after acetone extraction and filtration. Key indicator of eutrophication…
⛽ Hydrocarbon Oil Index in Water (GC-FID)
Determination of hydrocarbon oil index (C10–C40 hydrocarbons) in surface waters and wastewater by hexane extraction, Florisil cleanup, and g…
🧪 Petroleum Ether-Extractable Substances
Gravimetric determination of organic substances extractable with petroleum ether from wastewater and water — fats, oils, petroleum substance…
🫧 Dissolved Oxygen — Winkler Method (Iodometric)
Classic iodometric (Winkler) method for dissolved oxygen determination in water. Based on oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(IV) by oxygen, iodine li…
💧 Moisture — general Karl Fischer method
Determination of water content in chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and petrochemical samples by Karl Fischer titration (volumetric or coul…
🔬 Particle Size Analysis — Laser Diffraction
Determination of particle size distribution (0.1 µm – 3 mm) in powders, suspensions, emulsions and aerosols by laser diffraction method. Fas…
☢️ X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Non-destructive analysis of elemental composition of solid and liquid materials from beryllium (Be) to uranium (U) by X-ray fluorescence met…
🦠 Microbiology
🦠 Detection of Salmonella spp.
Classical culture method for Salmonella detection in food and feed. Four-stage process: pre-enrichment → selective enrichment → plating on s…
🧫 Total Viable Count at 30°C (TVC)
Pour plate method for enumeration of aerobic mesophilic total count in food. A general hygiene indicator.
🔴 Detection of Listeria monocytogenes
Two-stage selective enrichment and chromogenic plating method for Listeria monocytogenes detection in food. A critical food safety test.
🦠 E. coli and Coliform Bacteria in Water
Quantitative determination of E. coli and coliform bacteria in water by membrane filtration method on chromogenic CCA medium. Basic indicato…
🦠 Fecal Enterococci in Water
Detection and quantitative determination of intestinal enterococci in water by membrane filtration method on Slanetz-Bartley medium with con…
🦠 Clostridium perfringens in Water
Quantitative determination of vegetative cells and spores of Clostridium perfringens in water by membrane filtration method on TSC medium un…
🧫 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Water
Detection and quantitative determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water by membrane filtration method on CN medium (cetrimide-nalidixic …
🔴 Legionella in Water
Detection and quantitative determination of Legionella bacteria in water by culture method on BCYE/GVPC medium with heat or acid treatment. …
🧫 Total Microbial Count 22°C
Determination of total colony count of microorganisms capable of growth at 22±2°C after 68±4 h by pour plate method in yeast extract agar. D…
🧫 Total Microbial Count 36°C
Determination of total colony count of microorganisms capable of growth at 36±2°C after 44±4 h by pour plate method in yeast extract agar. I…
🦠 β-glucuronidase-positive E. coli in food
Enumeration of β-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli in food by pour plate method on TBX agar at 44°C. E. coli colonies form characteris…
🦠 Coagulase-positive staphylococci (S. aureus)
Enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) in food by surface plating on Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk emulsi…
🧫 Bacillus cereus in food
Enumeration of presumptive Bacillus cereus in food by surface plating on MYP (Mannitol-Egg Yolk-Polymyxin) agar at 30°C with hemolysis confi…
🍄 Yeasts and molds in food
Enumeration of yeasts and molds in food by surface plating on DRBC agar (products with aw > 0.95) or DG18 agar (products with aw ≤ 0.95) wit…
🦠 Enterobacteriaceae in food
Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in food by pour plating on VRBG (Violet Red Bile Glucose) agar with overlay, incubation at 37°C for 24 h.
🔴 Campylobacter in food
Detection of Campylobacter spp. in food and feed by selective enrichment in Bolton or Preston broth, isolation on mCCDA agar and biochemical…
🦠 Clostridium perfringens in food
Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in food by pour plating on TSC (Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine) agar with incubation under anaerobic co…
🔴 Cronobacter spp. (milk powder)
Detection of Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) in milk powder and infant formula by pre-enrichment in BPW, selective enrich…
🦠 Vibrio spp. in food
Detection of potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. (V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. vulnificus) in food by enrichment in ASPW and is…
🧬 STEC/VTEC — Verotoxigenic E. coli
Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC) in food by real-time PCR method — detection of virulence genes (stx1, stx2, …
⛽ Petrochemistry
🔥 Flash Point Temperature by Pensky-Martens Method
Determination of flash point of petroleum products in the range 40–370°C by Pensky-Martens closed cup method. Key safety parameter for fuels…
💧 Kinematic Viscosity
Determination of kinematic viscosity of petroleum products using glass capillary viscometer at 40°C and 100°C. Fundamental parameter for oil…
⚖️ Density of Fuels and Oils
Determination of density of crude oil and petroleum products in range 600–1100 kg/m³ using oscillating U-tube density meter.
⛽ Sulfur Content in Fuels
Determination of sulfur content in automotive fuels in range 3–500 mg/kg by UV fluorescence method after combustion of sample in oxygen-rich…
💧 Water Content by Karl Fischer Method
Determination of water in petroleum products by coulometric Karl Fischer titration method in range 0.003–0.100% (m/m).
🧪 Acid Number (TAN)
Determination of acid number (TAN) of petroleum products and lubricants by potentiometric titration method. Result expressed in mg KOH/g sam…
🔢 Cetane Index of Diesel Fuel
Calculation of cetane index of middle distillate fuels based on density at 15°C and distillation temperatures at 10%, 50% and 90% recovery.
🧫 Distillation of Petroleum Products
Determination of fractional composition (distillation curve) of light and middle petroleum distillates at atmospheric pressure in temperatur…
🌫️ Cloud Point Temperature
Determination of cloud point of petroleum products — temperature at which paraffin crystals begin to precipitate causing fuel clouding.
❄️ Pour Point Temperature
Determination of pour point of petroleum products — lowest temperature at which product is still capable of flowing under standardized cooli…
⛽ Copper strip corrosion
Assessment of the corrosiveness of petroleum products and fuels towards copper by immersing a polished copper strip in the sample at elevate…
⛽ Ash content in petroleum products
Gravimetric determination of ash content in petroleum products by burning the sample and ashing the residue in a muffle furnace at 775°C.
⛽ Carbon residue (micro)
Determination of carbon residue after evaporation and pyrolysis of petroleum products in nitrogen atmosphere at 500°C. Indicator of coking t…
⛽ Oxidation stability of diesel fuel
Assessment of diesel fuel resistance to oxidation by 16-hour oxygen bubbling at 95°C and determination of insoluble sediment amount.
⛽ Color of petroleum products (ASTM scale)
Visual determination of petroleum product color by comparison with glass standards on ASTM scale (0.5–8.0). Rapid quality and purity control…
⛽ FAME content in diesel fuel
Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME/biodiesel) content in diesel fuel by infrared spectrometry at 1745 cm⁻¹.
⛽ CFPP — Cold Filter Plugging Point
Determination of the lowest temperature at which diesel fuel flows through a standardized 45 µm wire mesh filter. Key parameter for winter f…
⛽ Research Octane Number (RON)
Determination of gasoline Research Octane Number (RON) on CFR engine by comparing knock intensity with reference fuel blends.
⛽ Total Base Number (TBN)
Determination of Total Base Number (TBN) of lubricating oils by potentiometric titration with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid.
⛽ Foaming characteristics of oils
Assessment of lubricating oil tendency to foam and its stability by air bubbling at controlled temperatures (24°C and 93.5°C).
⛽ Total contamination in diesel fuel
Determination of total contamination (insoluble matter) in diesel fuel by gravity filtration through a membrane. Critical quality parameter …
⛽ Fuel lubricity HFRR
Assessment of diesel fuel lubricity properties using HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) apparatus by measuring wear scar diameter on st…
⛽ Gasoline vapor pressure (DVPE/RVP)
Determination of gasoline vapor pressure by Reid method (RVP) or automatic DVPE method. Critical parameter of fuel volatility and safety.
⛽ Gum content in gasoline
Determination of existent gum content in gasoline by jet evaporation method with air or steam. Indicator of fuel stability and purity.
⛽ Penetration of lubricating greases
Determination of consistency (hardness) of lubricating greases by cone penetration method. Measurement of penetration depth of standard cone…
⛽ Dropping point of greases
Determination of temperature at which lubricating grease passes from semi-solid to liquid state and first drop falls from test cup. Indicato…
⛽ Sulfated ash of oils
Determination of sulfated ash content in lubricating oils with metalorganic additives. Measure of metal content (Ca, Mg, Zn, Ba) in additive…
⛽ Viscosity index (VI) of oils
Calculation of viscosity index (VI) of lubricating oils based on measured kinematic viscosity values at 40°C and 100°C. Measure of viscosity…
⛽ Demulsibility properties of oils
Assessment of oil ability to separate from water (demulsification). Critical parameter for turbine, hydraulic and circulating oils.
⛽ Density by hydrometer (hydrometry)
Laboratory determination of density of crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products by hydrometer method at 15°C.
🔥 Calorific value (heat of combustion)
Determination of gross heat of combustion and net calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels by combustion of sample in a bomb calor…
⛽ Benzene content in gasoline
Determination of benzene content in unleaded gasoline by gas chromatography with FID detection. Key quality and environmental parameter of m…
💧 Water content by distillation method
Determination of water content (0–25% v/v) in petroleum products, tars and bituminous materials by azeotropic distillation with Dean-Stark r…
❄️ CCS apparent viscosity (low temp.)
Determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils at low temperatures (from −5°C to −40°C) using Cold Cranking Simulator. Key parameter for…
🧪 Olefin content in fuels
Determination of unsaturated hydrocarbon (olefin) content in fuels based on bromine number by electrometric titration method. Measure of fue…
⚗️ Aromatic hydrocarbon content in diesel fuel
Determination of monoaromatic, diaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbon content in diesel fuel and middle distillates by HPLC method with ref…
⚙️ EP properties of lubricants — 4-ball test
Determination of extreme-pressure (EP) properties of lubricating fluids by four-ball steel method. Determination of load wear index (LWI), w…
🔍 Particle cleanliness class in hydraulic oils
Classification of solid particle contamination level in hydraulic and lubricating oils using automatic laser particle counter. Result as ISO…
⚖️ Density by pycnometer
Determination of density of crude petroleum and petroleum products using capillary or bicapillary pycnometer. Classical high-accuracy refere…
🧫 Water content — xylene distillation method
Determination of water content (0–25% v/v) in petroleum products, tars and bituminous materials by azeotropic distillation with xylene in De…
🍎 Food Chemistry
🥩 Protein — Kjeldahl method
Classical method for determining total protein in food based on nitrogen content (N × conversion factor). Reference method in food analysis …
🧈 Fat — Soxhlet extraction
Determination of crude fat by multiple extraction with organic solvent (petroleum ether) in Soxhlet apparatus. Classical reference method.
🔥 Total ash in food
Determination of ash (mineral substances) content in food by combustion in a muffle furnace at 550°C. Measure of mineral content.
💧 Moisture in food (drying)
Determination of moisture content in food by drying in laboratory oven at 103 ± 2°C to constant mass. Basic food analysis parameter.
🧂 Salt (NaCl) in food
Determination of sodium chloride (NaCl) content in food by argentometric titration (Mohr or Volhard method). Key quality and safety paramete…
🌡️ Water activity (aw)
Measurement of water activity (aw) in food — ratio of water vapor pressure over sample to vapor pressure over pure water. Critical parameter…
🍎 Pesticide multi-residue (QuEChERS)
Multi-residue analysis of pesticide residues in food by QuEChERS method (acetonitrile extraction + dSPE) with GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS detectio…
⚗️ Heavy metals in food (ICP-MS)
Determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) and trace elements in food by microwave mineralization + ICP-MS. Sensitivity at sub-ppb level…
🍄 Mycotoxins — aflatoxins, ochratoxin A
Determination of mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and ochratoxin A) in food by immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup with HPLC-FLD detec…
🐟 Histamine in fish (HPLC)
Determination of histamine in fish and fishery products by HPLC with dansyl chloride derivatization and UV detection. Mandatory test for Sco…
🍎 Vitamin C — HPLC
Determination of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in food by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. Key nutritional value…
🍎 Sugar profile — HPLC
Determination of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol in food by HPLC with refractive index detector (RID). Basic sugar composition anal…
🍎 Preservatives (sorbates, benzoates) — HPLC
Determination of sorbic acid and benzoic acid (preservatives E200, E210) in food by HPLC-UV. Control of permitted food additives.
🍎 Dietary fiber — enzymatic-gravimetric
Determination of total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber in food — Enzymatic-gravimetric method (AOAC 991.43). Nutritional value paramet…
🍎 Nitrites and nitrates in meat
Determination of nitrites (NO₂⁻) and nitrates (NO₃⁻) in meat and meat products. Control of curing salts (E249–E252) usage in meat industry.
🍎 Acidity of fats (acid value)
Determination of acid value and acidity in edible fats and oils by alkalimetric titration. Indicator of fat quality and freshness.
🎨 Synthetic Food Dyes (HPLC)
Identification and quantitative determination of synthetic food dyes (tartrazine, sunset yellow, azorubine, allura red etc.) in food by HPLC…
🥜 Food Allergens (ELISA)
Quantitative determination of food allergens (gluten, milk, egg, peanuts, soy etc.) in food by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) usi…
🌿 Environmental
🌿 PAH in soil (GC-MS)
Determination of 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Key test for soil contaminat…
🌿 Heavy metals in soil (ICP-OES)
Multi-element determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Hg) in soil after acid digestion, by ICP-OES method. Basic test for…
🌿 TPH in soil (C10–C40)
Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the C10–C40 range in soil by gas chromatography with FID detection. Basic test for fu…
🌿 Soil pH determination
Potentiometric determination of soil pH in suspension with water (pH_H₂O) or KCl solution (pH_KCl). Basic agrochemical and environmental par…
🌿 Environmental noise measurement
Measurement of sound level (noise) in the environment using Class 1 sound level meter. Assessment of compliance with permissible noise level…
🌿 Acute toxicity test — Daphnia magna
Biological acute toxicity test using Daphnia magna (water flea) — determination of EC50 (concentration causing 50% immobilization) after 24 …
🌿 SO₂ in air (UV fluorescence)
Continuous automatic measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentration in ambient air by ultraviolet fluorescence method. Reference air qual…
🌿 Radon measurement in buildings
Measurement of average radon (²²²Rn) concentration in indoor air of buildings using passive detectors (alpha tracks). Mandatory testing in e…
🌿 Microtox® test — Vibrio fischeri
Biological toxicity test for water and wastewater based on inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri (Aliivibrio fischeri) bacteria. …
🌿 Waste leaching test (L/S=10)
Single-stage waste leaching test at liquid-to-solid ratio 10 L/kg. Basic test for waste classification regarding acceptability for disposal …
⚠️ Asbestos in building materials
Identification and determination of asbestos fiber content in building materials using polarized light microscopy (PLM) and scanning electro…
🌫️ PM10 / PM2.5 particulate matter concentration in air
Gravimetric determination of PM10 and PM2.5 suspended particulate matter mass concentration in ambient air. Reference method for EU air qual…
🏭 Volatile organic compounds in emissions
Determination of mass concentration of individual volatile organic compounds (VOC) in waste gases from stationary sources by sorption on act…
📳 Mechanical Vibration Measurement
Measurement and assessment of mechanical vibrations affecting humans — whole-body vibrations and hand-arm vibrations at workplaces according…
📡 Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Measurement
Measurement of electric (E) and magnetic (H) field intensity at workplaces in the range 0 Hz – 300 GHz. Determination of protection zones an…
☠️ Dioxins and PCBs (GC-HRMS)
Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dioxin-like PCBs by high-resolution gas chromatography m…
🏗️ Construction
🏗️ Compressive Strength of Concrete
Determination of compressive strength of concrete specimens (cubes, cylinders) using a hydraulic press. Fundamental parameter for concrete c…
⛰️ Sieve Analysis of Aggregate
Determination of particle size distribution (grading) of aggregate by sieving through a set of standardized mesh sieves. Fundamental aggrega…
🛤️ CBR Bearing Ratio of Soil
Laboratory determination of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of soil by standard plunger penetration method. Key test for pavement design.
⚙️ Tensile Test of Steel
Static tensile test of metallic materials at room temperature. Determination of yield strength, tensile strength and elongation.
🔩 Brinell Hardness
Hardness measurement of metals by indentation of cemented carbide ball with specified force. HBW designation — universal method for steel, c…
⚙️ Bend Test of Metals
Testing the ability of metallic materials for plastic deformation in bending. Three-point test with mandrel of specified diameter to require…
🏗️ Soil Moisture Content
Determination of natural moisture content of soil by drying in laboratory oven at 105–110°C to constant mass. Fundamental geotechnical param…
🧱 Cement Strength
Determination of cement compressive and flexural strength on 40×40×160 mm standard mortar prisms. Basis for cement classification into stren…
🧱 Cement Setting Time (Vicat)
Determination of initial and final setting time of cement using Vicat apparatus and testing of soundness (expansion). Key cement quality par…
❄️ Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete
Testing concrete resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing. Direct method (Polish) or CF/CDF (European) with assessment of mass loss and str…
🏗️ Concrete Compressive Strength
Determination of compressive strength of hardened concrete on cubic or cylindrical specimens. Fundamental quality test for concrete in const…
❄️ Concrete Frost Resistance
Testing concrete resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing. Critical durability parameter for structures exposed to atmospheric conditions i…
🧱 Cement Compressive and Flexural Strength
Determination of compressive and flexural strength of standard cement mortar. Fundamental test qualifying cement to strength class (32.5 / 4…
🔩 Reinforcing Steel Testing (Tensile, Bending)
Testing mechanical properties of reinforcing steel: tensile test (Re, Rm, A), bending/reverse bending test. Compliance control with PN-EN 10…
💧 Water Absorption of Masonry Units
Determination of water absorption (absorptivity) of bricks and calcium silicate units by immersion method. Key durability parameter for maso…
⛏️ Proctor Test — Optimum Moisture and Density
Determination of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content by Proctor compaction method. Fundamental geotechnical test in road constr…
🌡️ Building Thermography
Thermographic building inspection with infrared camera to detect thermal defects: thermal bridges, air leaks, moisture, insulation gaps.
🛣️ CBR Bearing Capacity Index
Determination of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of soils and mineral mixtures. Fundamental parameter for road pavement design.
🌀 Blower Door Airtightness Test
Measurement of building air permeability by fan pressurization method (Blower Door). Determination of air change rate n₅₀ at 50 Pa.
🧊 Thermal Conductivity Coefficient λ
Determination of thermal conductivity coefficient λ of insulation and building materials by guarded hot plate (GHP) or heat flow meter (HFM)…
🔥 Fire reaction of construction materials
Fire classification of construction products according to Euroclass system (A1–F) based on series of fire reaction tests: non-combustibility…
💧 Concrete water permeability
Testing depth of water penetration under pressure in hardened concrete. Key durability parameter of concrete structures exposed to water.
⛰️ Aggregate sand equivalent
Determination of sand equivalent of 0/2 mm fine aggregate fraction. Assessment of aggregate cleanliness — ratio of sand fraction to silt-cla…
🧱 Chloride content in concrete
Determination of total acid-soluble chloride content in hardened concrete by potentiometric or Volhard titration. Key test for reinforcement…
⛰️ Aggregate bulk density
Determination of loose bulk density and voids (porosity) of natural and artificial aggregates with grain size up to 63 mm.
⚖️ Balance Calibration and Verification
Verification of non-automatic weighing instruments with determination of indication errors, repeatability, eccentricity and minimum sample w…
🔬 Pipette Calibration (Volumetric)
Gravimetric determination of systematic and random errors of piston-operated pipettes according to ISO 8655. Mandatory in every analytical l…
🔍 Penetrant Testing (PT)
Detection of surface discontinuities (cracks, porosity, laps) in metallic and non-metallic materials using colored or fluorescent penetrant.…
🧲 Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
Detection of surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials (steels, cast irons) using magnetic powder in external magn…
🔊 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Detection and sizing of internal and surface defects in metallic materials using ultrasonic waves. Allows testing of full material volume — …
🚗 Automotive
🚗 Technical Cleanliness of Components (VDA 19.1)
Technical cleanliness testing of automotive components via extraction of particulate contaminants with gravimetric and microscopic analysis.…
🚗 Technical Cleanliness (ISO 16232)
International standard for testing particulate cleanliness of road vehicle components. Equivalent to VDA 19.1 in the global market, covering…
🧂 Salt spray corrosion test
Accelerated corrosion test in salt spray chamber. Three methods: NSS (neutral), AASS (acetic acid), and CASS (with copper chloride). Assessm…
🎨 Coating adhesion (cross-cut test)
Paint coating adhesion test by cross-cut method. Classification on scale 0–5 based on degree of coating detachment from substrate.
📏 Paint coating thickness
Non-destructive measurement of paint and galvanic coating thickness by magnetic and eddy current methods. Quality control in serial producti…
📏 Surface roughness measurement (Ra, Rz)
Measurement of surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, Rq, Rp, Rv) by profile method using contact profilometer. Key quality parameter in auto…
🔧 Helium Leak Test
Detection and location of leaks in components and installations using helium leak detector (mass spectrometer). Most sensitive available lea…
⚡ Electronics and EMC
⚡ EMC testing — electromagnetic emission
Testing of conducted and radiated electromagnetic emission according to PN-EN 55032. Required for CE marking of multimedia equipment.
🛡️ EMC testing — immunity to interference
Comprehensive testing of electronic device immunity to electromagnetic interference: ESD discharges, burst and surge impulses, radiated fiel…
💦 IP protection degree (Ingress Protection)
Testing of enclosure protection degree against ingress of solid objects (dust) and water. IP classification (e.g., IP65, IP67, IP68) accordi…
💊 Pharma and Cosmetics
💊 Microbiological purity of cosmetics
Testing microbiological purity of cosmetic products according to ISO 17516. Determination of total microbial count and detection of pathogen…
🧴 Challenge test — preservative protection assessment
Cosmetic preservative efficacy test (challenge test / PET). Product inoculation with test strains and monitoring microbial reduction over 28…
💊 Tablet dissolution test (dissolution)
Determination of dissolution rate of active substance from tablets and capsules in simulated gastrointestinal environment. Key bioequivalenc…
💊 Uniformity of dosage units
Determination of uniformity of active substance content in individual dosage units (tablets, capsules). Release test according to European P…
💊 Bacterial endotoxins test (LAL)
Detection and quantitative determination of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides LPS) in pharmaceutical products using LAL method (Limu…
💊 Residual solvents — GC
Determination of residual solvents (methanol, acetone, dichloromethane, toluene, etc.) in active substances and finished drugs by gas chroma…
💊 Drug Dissolution Test
Testing of active substance release from tablets and capsules under in vitro conditions using USP apparatus (basket, paddle, flow-through ce…